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发散

发散表达式是永不完成正常执行的表达式。

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
fn diverges() -> ! {
    panic!("This function never returns!");
}

fn example() {
    let x: i32 = diverges(); // This line never completes.
    println!("This is never printed: {x}");
}
}

有关特定表达式发散行为,请参阅以下规则:

Note

panic! 宏和相关的生成 panic 的宏(如 unreachable!)也具有类型 ! 并且是发散的。

任何类型为 ! 的表达式都是发散表达式。然而,发散表达式不限于类型 !;其他类型的表达式也可能发散(例如,Some(loop {})的类型为Option<!>`)。

Note

虽然 ! 被认为是无人居住的类型,但类型无人居住不足以使其发散。

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
enum Empty {}
fn make_never() -> ! {loop{}}
fn make_empty() -> Empty {loop{}}

fn diverging() -> ! {
    // This has a type of `!`.
    // So, the entire function is considered diverging.
    make_never();
    // OK: The type of the body is `!` which matches the return type.
}
fn not_diverging() -> ! {
    // This type is uninhabited.
    // However, the entire function is not considered diverging.
    make_empty();
    // ERROR: The type of the body is `()` but expected type `!`.
}
}

Note

发散可以传播到周围的块。参见 expr.block.diverging

回退

如果要推断的类型仅与发散表达式统一,则该类型将被推断为 !

Example

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
fn foo() -> i32 { 22 }
match foo() {
    // ERROR: The trait bound `!: Default` is not satisfied.
    4 => Default::default(),
    _ => return,
};
}

2024 Edition differences

在 2024 版本之前,该类型被推断为 ()

Note

重要的是,类型统一可能是结构化发生的,因此回退 ! 可能是更大类型的一部分。以下代码可以编译:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
fn foo() -> i32 { 22 }
// This has the type `Option<!>`, not `!`
match foo() {
    4 => Default::default(),
    _ => Some(return),
};
}